Synopsis
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” Manzikert” redirects then. For the city in Turkey where the battle was fought, see Malazgirt.
Battle of Manzikert
Part of the intricate – Seljuk wars
131 Bataille deMalazgirt.jpg
In this 15th- century French model depicting the Battle of Manzikert, the combatants are sheathe in contemporary Western European armour.
Date 26 August 1071
Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles position
Near Manzikert, Theme of Iberia( 1)( 2)/ intricate Armenia( 3)( 4)
( present- day Malazgirt, Turkey)
° 08 ′ 41 ″ N 42 ° 32 ′ 21 ″ ECoordinates 39 ° 08 ′ 41 ″ N 42 ° 32 ′ 21 ″ E
Result
Seljuk palm
intricate power in Anatolia weakened
Belligerents
Intricate Conglomerate
intricate regular( Tagmata) and parochial( thematic) colors.
Feudal impositions of frontier land possessors.
Frankish, English, Norman, Georgian, Armenian, Bulgarian, Turkic Pecheneg & Cuman mercenaries
Seljuk Empire
Pecheneg & Cuman mercenaries( note 1)
Commanders and leaders
Romanos IV( POW)
Nikephoros Bryennios
Theodore Alyates
Andronikos Doukas Alp Arslan
Afshin Bey
Artuk Bey
Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
Strength
,000( 5)
( Close to half deserted before battle. Turkic mercenaries defected to the Seljuk side.)
( according to Turkish and Arabic sources)( 6),000( 7)
,000( 6)
Casualties and losses
( 5) –,000 killed( 7)
, 000 captured( 5)
,000 vacated( 8) unknown
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intricate – Seljuk wars
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The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the intricate Conglomerate and the Seljuk Empire on 26 August 1071 near Manzikert, theme of Iberia( ultramodern Malazgirt in Muş Province, Turkey). The decisive defeat of the intricate army and the prisoner of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes( 9) played an important part in undermining intricate authority in Anatolia and Armenia,( 10) and allowed for the gradational Turkification of Anatolia. numerous Turks, travelling westward during the 11th century, saw the palm at Manzikert as an entrance to Asia Minor. in Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles.
The mass of the battle was borne by the intricate army’s professional dogfaces from the eastern and western tagmata, as large figures of mercenaries and Anatolian impositions fled beforehand and survived the battle.( 12) The fallout from Manzikert was disastrous for the Byzantines, performing in civil conflicts and an profitable extremity that oppressively weakened the intricate Conglomerate’s capability to defend its borders adequately.( 13) This led to the mass movement of Turks into central Anatolia – by 1080, an area of,000 square kilometres(,000 sq mi) had been gained by the Seljuk Turks. It took three decades of internal strife before Alexius I( 1081 to 1118) restored stability to Byzantium. Historian Thomas Asbridge says” In 1071, the Seljuqs crushed an Homeric army at the Battle of Manzikert( in eastern Asia Minor), and though chroniclers no longer consider this to have been an hugely cataclysmic reversal for the Greeks, it still was a smarting reversal.”( 14) It was the first, and only, time in history that a intricate emperor came the internee of a Muslim commander, and the first time since the emperor Valerian that a Roman emperor was captured alive by an adversary force in Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles.
Background( edit)
Although the intricate Conglomerate had remained strong and important in the Middle periods,( 15) it began to decline under the reign of the militarily unskillful Constantine IX Monomachos and again under Constantine X Doukas – a brief two- time period of reform under Isaac I Komnenos simply delayed the decay of the intricate army.( 16)
About 1053, Constantine IX disbanded what the 11th century intricate annalist John Skylitzes called the” Iberian Army”, which comported of,000 men. Skylitzes’ coevals, the former officers Michael Attaleiates and Kekaumenos, agree that by denuclearizing these dogfaces, Constantine did disastrous detriment to the conglomerate’s eastern defenses. Constantine made a armistice with the Seljuks that lasted until 1064, when a large Seljuk army under Alp Arslan attacked the theme of Iberia and took Ani; after a siege of 25 days, they captured the megacity in Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles.
In 1068, Romanos IV Diogenes took power and, after some speedy service reforms, entrusted Manuel Komnenos( whoreson of Isaac I Komnenos) to lead an passage against the Seljuks. Manuel captured Hierapolis Bambyce in Syria, coming baffled a Turkish attack against Iconium with a counterattack,( 9) but was also defeated and captured by the Seljuks. Despite this success, Alp Arslan snappily sought a peace convention with the Byzantines, inked in 1069; he saw the Fatimids in Egypt as his main adversary and had no desire to be diverted by gratuitous conflict in Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles.
In February 1071, Romanos transferred envoys to Arslan to renew the 1069 convention; keen to secure his northern hand against attack, Arslan happily agreed.( 7) Abandoning the siege of Edessa, he incontinently led his army to attack the Fatimid- held Aleppo. still, the peace convention had been a deliberate distraction Romanos now led a large army into Armenia to recover the lost citadels before the Seljuks had time to respond.( 7)
Prelude( edit)
Accompanying Romanos was Andronikos Doukas, son of his rival John Doukas. The army comported of about,000 professional intricate colors from the western businesses and presumably about the same number from the eastern businesses. These included long established regular units( Heteria, Scholai and Straelati)( 18) of the central field army( Tagmata).( 19) Amongst the native intricate element of the army were parochial colors from both the eastern and western military themes. Under Doukas, the hinder guard at Manzikert was largely made up of the private posses and peasant impositions of the border lords( archontes).( 20) Eventually, the large and different host included 500 Frankish and Norman mercenaries under Roussel de Bailleul, some Turkic( Uz and Pecheneg) and Bulgarian mercenaries, army under the Duke of Antioch, a contingent of Georgian and Armenian colors and some( but not each) of the Varangian Guard to total around,000 men.( 21) The volume of the parochial colors had declined in the times before Romanos, as the government diverted backing to mercenaries who were judged less likely to be involved in politics and could be disbanded after use to save plutocrat in Malazgirt 1071 English Subtitles.
Battle( edit)
Alp Arslan summoned his army and delivered a speech by appearing in a white mask analogous to an Islamic burial cloak on the morning of the battle.( 25) This was an encouraging communication that he was ready to die in battle. Romanos was ignorant of the loss of Tarchaneiotes and continued to Manzikert, which he fluently captured on 23 August; the Seljuks responded with attacks by steed hunters.( 26) The coming day, some rustling parties under Bryennios discovered the main Seljuk force and were forced to retreat to Manzikert. Romanos transferred the Armenian general Basilakes and some cavalry, as Romanos didn’t believe this was Alp Arslan’s full army. The cavalry was routed, and Basilakes was taken internee. Romanos also drew his colors into conformation and transferred the left sect out under Bryennios, who was nearly girdled by the fleetly approaching Turks and forced to retreat. The Seljuk forces hid among the near hills for the night, making it nearly insolvable for Romanos to counterattack.( 9)( 27)
Intricate home( purple), intricate attacks( red) and Seljuk attacks( green)
On 25 August, some of Romanos’ Turkic mercenaries came into contact with their Seljuk kin and deserted. Romanos also rejected a Seljuk peace delegacy. He wanted to settle the eastern question and the patient Turkic irruptions and agreements with a decisive service palm. He understood that raising another army would be both delicate and precious. The emperor tried to recall Tarchaneiotes and his half of the forces, but they were no longer in the area. There were no engagements that day, but on 26 August, the intricate army gathered itself into a proper battle conformation and began to march on the Turkish positions, with the left sect under Bryennios, the right sect under Theodore Alyates, and the centre under the emperor. At that moment, a Turkish dogface said to Alp Arslan,” My Sultan, the adversary army is approaching”, and Alp Arslan is said to have replied,” also we’re also approaching them”. Andronikos Doukas led the reserve forces in the reverse – a foolish mistake by the emperor, considering the dubious commitment of the Doukas family. The Seljuks were organized into a crescent conformation about four kilometres down.( 28) Seljuk steed hunters attacked the Byzantines as they drew closer; the centre of their crescent continually moved backwards while the bodies moved to compass the intricate colors.( 29)
